Unit 9 Democracy and human rights : English NEB Class 11

Ways with words

A. Find the words in the text that mean the same as the following. The first letters are given.

a. the system that completely separated black people from white people (apartheid)

b. formal objection (protest)

c. an ethnical group of people (tribe)

d. an act undertaken to achieve a set goal (campaign)

e. the formal beginning of any movement (inauguration)

f. a strong feeling of excitement and happiness (exhilaration)

g. being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions (emancipation)

B. Find these words in a dictionary and write their meanings as they are used in the text.

a. liberty

the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one’s way of life, behaviour, or political views.

b. conflict

a serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one.

c. ideology

a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

d. oppression

prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority.

e. privilege

a special right, advantage, or immunity granted or available only to a particular person or group.

f. dignity

the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect.

g. surrender

stop resisting to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority.

h. reconciliation

the restoration of friendly relations.

C. The ‘d’ or ‘ed’ in the following verbs have different pronunciation. Put these verbs in the correct box.

[asked, killed, missed, ended, decided, washed, visited, lasted, watched, picked, smiled, fixed, walked, blessed, brushed, stopped, wanted, reached, laughed, enjoyed]

/t/

asked, missed, washed, watched, picked, fixed, walked, blessed (v), brushed, stopped, reached, laughed

/d/

killed, smiled

/ɪd/

ended, decided, visited, lasted, blessed (adj), wanted, enjoyed

D. Put these nouns into the correct box according to the pronunciation of the plural suffix: s/es.

[cats, dogs, horses, houses, books, roofs, boys, rooms, girls, noises, shops, trees, pages, babies, benches, classes]

/s/

cats, books, roofs, shops

/z/

dogs, boys, rooms, girls, trees,

/ɪz/

horses, houses, noises, pages, babies, benches, classes

Comprehension

Answer these questions.

a. What were the restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa?

The restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa were Racial segregation, and political and economic discrimination.

b. Why was Mandela arrested?

Mandela was arrested because he was charged with organizing an armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC).

c. How did he describe racism and racial oppression?

He described racism and racial oppression as the pernicious ideology and practice.

d. Why did he thank all the international guests?

He thanked all the international guests for coming to take possession about peace and justice with the people of his country.

e. Why did he think that people in his country had achieved political emancipation?

He thought that people in his country had achieved political emancipation to liberate themselves from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination.

f. What is the main point of Mandela’s speech?

The main point of Mandela’s speech is that people of South Africa should build a society where there will be justice, peace and equality for all peoples.

Critical thinking

a. What does Mandela mean when he says – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world?

b. Mandela should have avenged those who imprisoned him for such a long period. Instead, he followed the path of reconciliation. Why do you think he did so?

c. Why and how have societies struggled with segregation in the world? Do you find any evidence of segregation in your society? Discuss.

Writing

a. Nepal has topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed in different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes brought under his/her leadership.

Grammar

B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t. Use one of these verbs.

[drink, visit, leave, roam, quit]

a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you shouldn’t leave it.

b. That’s a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn’t visit there.

c. I’m going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?

d. Children shouldn’t drink sugary drinks. It’s not very healthy.

e. I have lots of homework. I shouldn’t roam here and there today.

C. Put in had better or should.

a. I think you should learn English to enroll a university course.

b. It’s a great film. You should go and see it.

c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I had better go now or I’ll be late.

d. These biscuits are delicious. You should try one.

e. We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.

f. When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.

g. I should get up early tomorrow. I’ve got a lot to do.

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