Mycota : Reproduction

Algae	Fungi
Algae are grown in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats.	Fungi are grown in aquatic and terrestrial habitat.
They are autotrophs.	They are heterotrophs, either saprophyte, parasites or symbiotic.
They grow in the light environment.	They grow in dark, dim or diffuse light.
The cell wall is made up of cellulose.	Cell wall is composed of chitin or fungus cellulose.
Filaments, if present may be branched or unbranched.	Filaments or hyphae are usually branched.
Chlorophyll and accessory pigments are present.	Chlorophyll and accessory pigments are absent.
The reserved food material is starch.	The reserved food material is glycogen and oil globules.
Asexual reproduction normally occurs by zoospores.	Zoospores are rare.
Motility of the gametes is very rare.	Gametes are motile.

Habitat:

Fungi are found in all sorts of habitats where organic matter is present. Fungi can be seen growing on leather goods, wood, clothes, preserved pickles, jam, jelly, humus rich soil, dung of animals etc.

Nutrition:

Fungi are heterotrophs. They depend on readymade food like some animals and bacteria do. Their nutrition involves the absorption of soluble substances. Fungi have a parasitic, saprophytic and symbiotic mode of nutrition.

Fungi as parasitic

The parasites which live entirely on the living protoplasm of the host and die with the death of host is called obligate parasites. Example; Erypsiphe, Albugo etc. The parasites which are able to make their food from dead and decaying body of the host is called the facultative parasite. Eg; Some smuts

Fungi as saprophytic:

Fungi that absorb food from dead or decaying organic matters is called saprophytic fungi. The fungi which die without decaying organic matters are called obligate saprophytes. Eg; Mucor mucedo. The fungi which lives parasitically are called facultative parasites.

Symbiotic fungi:

Fungi that grow in the long lasting beneficial association with the higher plants are called symbiotic fungi. This mutual relationship is named mycorrhiza. The participants are called symbionts.

Reproduction in Fungi

Fungi reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods.

Vegetative reproduction:

Fragmentation

In many fungi, hyphae get broken into fragments accidentally. Each fragment in suitable conditions, develop into a new individual mycelium. It occurs frequently in nature.

Budding

In this method, a soft zone appears on the cell wall of the vegetative cell which bulges out and is called the bud. The bud finally is detached from the mother cell by a constriction and forming a new cell. This chain appears like mycelium and is called pseudo mycelium.

Fission

In fission, the vegetative cell splits into two daughter cells followed by constriction. Each daughter cell develops into a new individual vegetative cell.

Asexual reproduction

Zoospore

Zoospores are thin-walled, uninucleate motile spores formed in zoosporangium. They are naked spores without cell wall which after swarming period encysts. Eg; Pythium

Aplanospores

Aplanospores are non-motile, thin-walled spores produced in the sporangium. They liberate from sporangium and germinate into new mycelium. Eg; mucor

Oidia

In some true fungi, the hyphae split up into numerous small oval or rounded fragments known as oidia. Each oidium germinates to a new mycelium.

Chlamydospores

In some fungi, thick-walled, resistant spores are formed from terminal or intercalary cells which are called Chlamydospores. They are released after the death of hyphae. In return of favourable condition, they germinate to new mycelia. Eg; Pythium, Mucor, etc.

Conidia

Conidia are non-motile, thin walled exogenous spores produced on a conidiophore. They have formed singly in Pythiumor in chain Penicillium.

Sexual reproduction

Most of the true fungi reproduce sexually except fungi imperfect. The sexual reproduction involves three principal events.

Plasmogamy:

Plasmogamy is the process which brings the fusion of cytoplasm of two different cells. It brings two genetically different nuclei in the same cell. Such a cell with two nuclei is called dikaryotic. and a pair of two such different nuclei is called dikaryon.

Karyogamy:

Karyogamy is the second phase of the sexual reproduction. It involves the fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote. Karogamy takes place either immediately or after the plasmogamy. In higher fungi, karyogamy is somewhat delayed. The dikaryotic mycelium has a long vegetative phase in higher fungi.

Meiosis

This is the third phase of sexual reproduction. In it, the diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis to produce the haploid nuclei. It also helps in the recombination of genetic material. The product of meiosis is called meiospores. Meiospores act as sexual spores which germinate into mycelium.

Sex organs

In fungi, the sex organs are called gametangia which are unicellular and naked. Gametangia develop on different hyphae of the same mycelium as homothallism or on different mycelia as heterothallism. The sexual reproduction in fungi takes place in following ways

Gametic fusion

It involves the fusion of two motile or non-motile gametes. It forms the diploid zygote. It is of three types;

Isogamy

In this type, the fusing gametes are morphologically similar in size and shape but physiologically different. The gametes are called isogametes and their fusion is called isogamy.

Anisogamy

In this type of fusion, the fusing gametes are morphologically as well as physiologically different. The male gamete is more active and small while the female gamete is larger and less active.

Oogamy

It is the most advanced type of gametic fusion. Out of the two fusing gametes, the female gamete is non-motile and is called an egg, and the male gamete is called the sperms. This type of reproduction is oogamy.

Spermatization

In this type, numerous uninucleate, unicellular, non-motile male cells called spermatia are borne externally or inside the cavities or hyphae. These spermatia are carried to the female gametangia by various agents like wind, water etc. A pore is developed at the point of contact and the contents of spermatium are transferred to the receptive hyphae and form a dikaryon.

Gametangial copulation

In this type, the entire protoplasts of anisogamete are involved in fusion and thick-walled body formed which is called zygospore. It is common in fungi like Mucor, Rhizopus.

Gametangial contact

In this type; the male and female gametangia come in contact with one another. The entire protoplast of male gametangium passes into the oogonium either through a pore formed at the point of contact or through one or more fertilisation tube that arises from male gametangium.

Somatogamy

Somatogamy takes place by the fusion between undifferentiated vegetative cells of the same thallus or two different thalli in higher fungi like yeast. In them, the formation of gametes is absent.