Enumerate the major problems of business in Nepal.

Business in Nepal is held back by a number of deep-rooted structural and policy problems that limit industrial growth and competitiveness. The major problems are enumerated below:

1. Unstable government policy and regulation: frequent policy changes with every change of government hurt the industrial sector, creating uncertainty for investors.
2. Open border and smuggling: the open border with India encourages unlawful trade and smuggling, and Nepalese firms cannot compete with cheap illegal imports.
3. Low product quality: major exportable goods fall below international standard, weakening their acceptance in foreign markets.
4. Higher cost and low demand: limited purchasing power and cheaper Indian and Chinese goods undercut Nepalese products, lowering their demand.
5. Weak and traditional technology: industries rely on outdated technology, and high interest rates and collateral demands make modernization difficult, especially for small firms.
6. Poor physical infrastructure: poor transport (blockades, strikes, syndicates, limited trucks) and unreliable electricity (irregular supply, load-shedding, low voltage) obstruct industrial development.
7. Lack of energy and fuel supplies: firms depend heavily on imported raw materials from India, causing supply interruptions and high transit and transport costs.
8. Raw material scarcity for exports: export industries like carpets, garments, and Pashmina lag behind due to scarcity of raw materials.
9. Lack of mutual trust: cooperation between the government and private sector is missing, with the government acting as a controller rather than a facilitator.
10. Bureaucratic barriers: ineffective policy implementation, poor administration of tax laws, and obstructive bureaucracy are seen as barriers to business growth.

In conclusion, unstable policy, weak technology, poor infrastructure, and a lack of trust between the state and private sector together form the major obstacles to business development in Nepal.