Human Biology

Unit 8 – Human Biology Class 12 Biology Notes

8.1 Digestive system: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, physiology of digestion. (2 teaching hours)

8.2 Respiratory System: Respiratory organs, respiratory mechanism – exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration. (2 teaching hours)

8.3 Circulatory System: Double circulation (concept), heart (structure and working mechanism), origin and conduction of heartbeat, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, arterial and venous systems (major arteries and veins), blood grouping, blood pressure. (4 teaching hours)

8.4 Excretory System: Concept of modes of excretion (ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism), Excretory organs, mechanism of urine formation. (3 teaching hours)

8.5 Nervous system: Types of nervous system (central, peripheral & autonomous), structure and function of brain, Origin and conduction of nerve impulse. (3 teaching hours)

8.6 Sense organs: Structure and functions of eye and ear. (2 teaching hours)

8.7 Endocrinology: Endocrine glands and hormones – structure & functions of hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; hypo- and hyper-activity and related disorders. (9 teaching hours)

8.8 Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive organs, ovarian & menstrual cycle. (3 teaching hours)